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분야별

🔹 Music (Musicology, Ethnomusicology, Music Theory)

1. Taruskin, Richard – The Oxford History of Western Music (2005)

Dilemma: Canonization vs. Cultural Pluralism in Western Classical Music
📌 Key Chapter: “The Nineteenth-Century Ideal”

  • Does the traditional classical music canon represent the highest artistic achievement, or does it marginalize non-European and popular traditions?
  • Taruskin critiques historical narratives that elevate certain composers while excluding others, raising questions about how and why certain music is institutionalized as “great.”

💡 Why?
This book challenges students to rethink how music history is written and whose voices are included or excluded.

🔹 Visual Arts (Art History, Aesthetics)

2. Nochlin, Linda – Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? (1971)

Dilemma: Artistic Genius vs. Institutional Barriers
📌 Key Argument:

  • Does the lack of historically recognized female artists indicate a lack of talent, or does it reflect systemic exclusion?
  • Nochlin argues that artistic “greatness” is historically constructed and tied to social institutions that have privileged male artists.

💡 Why?
This foundational feminist essay challenges students to question the criteria for artistic greatness and recognize how institutional biases shape art history.

🔹 Industrial Engineering (Operations Research, Systems Engineering)

3. Ben-Tal, Aharon & Nemirovski, Arkadi – Robust Optimization (2009)

Dilemma: Efficiency vs. Robustness in Engineering Systems
📌 Key Argument:

  • Should optimization focus solely on maximizing efficiency, or should it incorporate uncertainty and robustness?
  • This book presents “robust optimization,” a method that accounts for real-world uncertainty, contrasting it with classical models that assume perfect information.

💡 Why?
This book forces students to reconsider the limitations of purely efficiency-driven models, which often fail under real-world uncertainty.

🔹 Geography (Human & Environmental Geography)

4. Harvey, David – The Condition of Postmodernity (1989)

Dilemma: Economic Globalization vs. Local Cultural Identity
📌 Key Argument:

  • How does postmodern globalization reshape geographic spaces and local identities?
  • Harvey argues that “time-space compression”—the rapid acceleration of global economic flows—erodes local cultures and transforms urban landscapes.

💡 Why?
This book offers a well-structured analysis of globalization’s impact on spatial organization, linking geography with economic and cultural theory.

🔹 Anthropology (Cultural, Social, and Biological Anthropology)

5. Graeber, David – Debt: The First 5,000 Years (2011)

Dilemma: Economic Systems vs. Social Morality
📌 Key Argument:

  • Is debt a moral obligation, or is it a social construct shaped by power dynamics?
  • Graeber challenges the assumption that debt must always be repaid, showing that throughout history, societies have periodically erased debts to maintain social stability.

💡 Why?
This book bridges anthropology with economics, providing undergraduates with an engaging, well-researched counter-narrative to mainstream financial thinking.

🔹 Economics (Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Economic Policy)

6. Stiglitz, Joseph – Globalization and Its Discontents (2002)

Dilemma: Free Markets vs. Economic Sovereignty
📌 Key Argument:

  • Does globalization benefit all countries equally, or does it impose Western economic policies at the expense of developing nations?
  • Stiglitz critiques the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and argues that global economic policies often prioritize financial stability over social welfare.

💡 Why?
This book provides a data-driven yet accessible critique of economic globalization, ideal for students interested in policy-oriented economics.

🔹 Business & Management (Corporate Governance, Organizational Theory)

7. Friedman, Milton – The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits (1970)

Dilemma: Shareholder Primacy vs. Corporate Social Responsibility
📌 Key Argument:

  • Should businesses maximize profits for shareholders, or do they have broader ethical obligations to society?
  • Friedman argues that corporations should focus solely on profit-making within legal constraints, rejecting calls for “social responsibility.”

💡 Why?
This text presents a concise, provocative argument that remains highly relevant in modern corporate governance debates.

🔹 Consumer Science (Consumer Behavior, Market Ethics)

8. Schor, Juliet – The Overspent American: Why We Want What We Don’t Need (1998)

Dilemma: Consumer Choice vs. Social Pressures
📌 Key Argument:

  • Do consumers freely make purchasing decisions, or are they manipulated by status-driven advertising?
  • Schor analyzes how “competitive consumption” drives people to spend beyond their means due to social comparison.

💡 Why?
This book connects consumer behavior with economic inequality, making it highly relevant for students studying market psychology.

🔹 Child & Family Studies (Developmental Psychology, Sociology of Families)

9. Hochschild, Arlie Russell – The Second Shift (1989)

Dilemma: Gender Equality vs. Domestic Labor Expectations
📌 Key Argument:

  • Even when women enter the workforce, why do they still bear the majority of domestic responsibilities?
  • Hochschild introduces the concept of the “second shift,” where women work full-time jobs but still do most of the household labor.

💡 Why?
This book offers empirical research on gender roles, family structure, and work-life balance, making it an essential text for students studying family dynamics.

🔹 General Interdisciplinary Recommendation

10. Kahneman, Daniel – Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011)

Dilemma: Rationality vs. Cognitive Biases
📌 Key Argument:

  • Are human decisions rational, or are they systematically biased by mental shortcuts?
  • Kahneman explains how “fast” intuitive thinking often leads to errors, contrasting it with “slow” deliberate reasoning.

💡 Why?
This book is highly accessible while covering a broad range of disciplines, including psychology, economics, and decision theory.

현대 문헌 중심

🔹 1. Derek Parfit – Reasons and Persons (1984)

Dilemma: Personal identity vs. moral responsibility
Key Chapter: Part 3 – Personal Identity
📌 Core Argument:
Parfit challenges the traditional view of personal identity as continuity of a single self, arguing that identity is not what matters in survival. He introduces the “branching selves” thought experiment, where a person splits into two distinct individuals—raising a dilemma:

  • Should each new individual be held morally responsible for the original person’s past actions?
  • If personal identity is reducible to psychological continuity, does it make sense to assign responsibility at all?

💡 Why?
This chapter provides clear reasoning, counterarguments, and a structured thought experiment that forces a reconsideration of legal and ethical responsibility.

🔹 2. Christine Korsgaard – The Sources of Normativity (1996)

Dilemma: Moral realism vs. constructivism
Key Chapter: Lecture 3 – The Authority of Reflection
📌 Core Argument:
Korsgaard argues that moral obligations arise not from external moral facts but from our own reflective endorsement of them. She contrasts:

  • Moral realism: Morality exists independently of human minds.
  • Constructivism: Morality is created through rational reflection and self-legislation.

💡 Why?
This chapter clearly contrasts competing moral theories and provides structured reasoning as to why humans must endorse moral norms to give them authority.

🔹 3. Robert Nozick – Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)

Dilemma: Libertarianism vs. distributive justice
Key Chapter: Chapter 7 – Distributive Justice
📌 Core Argument:
Nozick critiques Rawlsian distributive justice by introducing the Wilt Chamberlain Argument, demonstrating how redistributive policies inherently violate individuals’ rights to freely transfer their property. This creates a dilemma:

  • Should societies prioritize economic liberty, even if it leads to vast inequalities?
  • Or should they enforce distributive justice, even if it infringes on free transactions?

💡 Why?
This chapter directly engages with Rawls, presents a structured counterargument, and explores implications for legal and political philosophy.

🔹 4. Amartya Sen – The Idea of Justice (2009)

Dilemma: Procedural fairness vs. substantive fairness
Key Chapter: Chapter 2 – Rawls and Beyond
📌 Core Argument:
Sen critiques Rawls’ “transcendental institutionalism” by arguing that focusing on ideal justice is less useful than evaluating how different policies improve actual social conditions.

  • Rawls argues that a just society is defined by just institutions.
  • Sen argues that justice should be measured by outcomes, not abstract rules.

💡 Why?
This chapter presents a well-reasoned critique of Rawls, engages with empirical policy debates, and applies justice theories to real-world inequalities.

🔹 5. Thomas Piketty – Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)

Dilemma: Economic growth vs. wealth inequality
Key Chapter: Chapter 10 – The Inequality of Capital Ownership
📌 Core Argument:
Piketty presents extensive empirical data showing that capital accumulation grows faster than wages, leading to structural wealth inequality.

  • Should governments impose heavy taxation on inherited wealth to counteract this trend?
  • Or would such policies disincentivize investment and economic growth?

💡 Why?
Piketty’s work combines historical data with theoretical debates on justice and economic policy.

🔹 6. Samuel Moyn – Not Enough: Human Rights in an Unequal World (2018)

Dilemma: Human rights vs. economic justice
Key Chapter: Chapter 6 – The Neoliberal Turn
📌 Core Argument:
Moyn argues that modern human rights discourse has prioritized civil and political rights while ignoring economic inequality. He raises a central dilemma:

  • Are human rights frameworks sufficient to combat economic injustice?
  • Should rights discourse shift from “freedom from oppression” to “freedom from extreme poverty”?

💡 Why?
This chapter directly engages with contemporary debates on global justice and the limitations of rights-based approaches.

🔹 7. Elizabeth Anderson – Private Government (2017)

Dilemma: Workplace democracy vs. corporate efficiency
Key Chapter: Chapter 2 – When the Market Was Left
📌 Core Argument:
Anderson argues that modern workplaces function as “private governments”, where employers exert significant control over workers’ speech, actions, and even personal lives.

  • Should democratic principles apply to corporate governance?
  • Or would this compromise economic efficiency?

💡 Why?
Anderson’s work applies political theory to real-world labor issues, making it both analytically rigorous and practically relevant.

🔹 8. Zeynep Tufekci – Twitter and Tear Gas (2017)

Dilemma: Digital activism vs. long-term political change
Key Chapter: Chapter 5 – The Protest Paradox
📌 Core Argument:
Tufekci explores the “activism trap”: digital platforms allow movements to mobilize quickly but fail to build the long-term structures needed for political change.

  • Does social media-driven activism empower or weaken movements?

💡 Why?
This chapter offers a structured critique of digital movements, engaging with both empirical evidence and political theory.

🔹 9. Ruha Benjamin – Race After Technology (2019)

Dilemma: AI neutrality vs. systemic bias
Key Chapter: Chapter 3 – The New Jim Code
📌 Core Argument:
Benjamin argues that algorithmic decision-making often reinforces systemic racial inequalities, challenging the notion that AI is neutral.

  • Should AI development be regulated for fairness?
  • Or does such intervention inhibit technological progress?

💡 Why?
This chapter engages with AI ethics, public policy, and systemic inequality through well-structured argumentation.

🔹 10. Cass Sunstein – The Ethics of Influence (2016)

Dilemma: Government “nudging” vs. individual autonomy
Key Chapter: Chapter 4 – Libertarian Paternalism
📌 Core Argument:
Sunstein defends “libertarian paternalism”, arguing that governments can subtly steer citizens toward better decisions without coercion.

  • Does this violate individual autonomy?
  • Or does it correct for predictable cognitive biases?

💡 Why?
This chapter presents a structured debate on behavioral economics and the limits of state influence.

고전, 일반적 주제

Here are some recommended passages from classic and contemporary academic works that present clear dilemmas and scholarly disputes. These excerpts can serve as strong material for summary practice, as they engage with tensions, paradoxes, and fundamental questions in philosophy, law, and ethics.

1️⃣ John Stuart Mill – On Liberty (1859)

Dilemma: The conflict between individual liberty and societal authority.
Key Passage:

“The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it; and a state that dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes, will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.”

💡 Why?
This passage challenges the dilemma of state power vs. individual freedom—should a government shape its citizens for stability, or should individuals be free to develop autonomously, even at the cost of social order?

2️⃣ Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Dilemma: The paradox of capitalism’s success and its self-destruction.
Key Passage:

“The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production… All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify.”

💡 Why?
Marx presents the contradiction that capitalism is both incredibly productive and inherently self-destructive—it drives progress but also creates instability, leading to its own downfall.

3️⃣ John Rawls – A Theory of Justice (1971)

Dilemma: Equality vs. fairness in distributive justice.
Key Passage:

“Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory, however elegant and economical, must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise, laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust.”

💡 Why?
Rawls confronts the tension between efficiency and justice—should societies prioritize maximum economic output, or should they ensure fairness even at the cost of efficiency?

4️⃣ Judith Jarvis Thomson – A Defense of Abortion (1971)

Dilemma: The rights of the mother vs. the fetus.
Key Passage:

“If you find yourself attached to a famous violinist against your will, and your kidneys are keeping him alive, do you have a moral obligation to stay connected for nine months? Does his right to life outweigh your right to bodily autonomy?”

💡 Why?
This passage presents a famous ethical thought experiment that forces us to question how we balance personal autonomy against the right to life.

5️⃣ Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan (1651)

Dilemma: The necessity of authoritarian rule vs. the danger of tyranny.
Key Passage:

“In the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel: first, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation. Hence it comes to pass that where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice.”

💡 Why?
Hobbes presents a fundamental dilemma: is absolute sovereignty the only way to prevent societal collapse, or does it create a new form of oppression?

6️⃣ Peter Singer – Famine, Affluence, and Morality (1972)

Dilemma: The moral obligation to aid others vs. personal freedom.
Key Passage:

“If it is within our power to prevent something bad from happening, without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought to do it.”

💡 Why?
Singer’s utilitarian perspective creates a dilemma: how much should individuals sacrifice for the greater good? Should personal wealth always be used to help those in need?

7️⃣ Michel Foucault – Discipline and Punish (1975)

Dilemma: The contradiction between societal order and personal autonomy.
Key Passage:

“A body is docile that may be subjected, used, transformed and improved. The classical age discovered the body as an object and target of power.”

💡 Why?
Foucault challenges whether discipline and control create progress or oppression, questioning whether modern institutions (schools, prisons, hospitals) shape individuals or simply subjugate them.

8️⃣ Robert Nozick – Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)

Dilemma: Freedom vs. redistributive justice.
Key Passage:

“Taxation of earnings from labor is on a par with forced labor. Taking the earnings of n hours of labor is like forcing the person to work n hours for another’s purpose.”

💡 Why?
Nozick’s libertarian argument suggests that taxation for redistribution is equivalent to forced labor. This creates a deep philosophical dilemma: is state-imposed redistribution a violation of liberty or a necessity for justice?

9️⃣ Elizabeth Anderson – Private Government (2017)

Dilemma: The hidden authoritarianism in workplaces.
Key Passage:

“Most workplaces are private governments, complete with rules, punishments, and surveillance, yet we do not see them as such because they are shielded by the myth of free labor.”

💡 Why?
Anderson challenges the common distinction between public and private power, questioning whether economic freedom can exist alongside workplace hierarchy.

🔟 Albert Camus – The Myth of Sisyphus (1942)

Dilemma: The absurdity of life vs. the search for meaning.
Key Passage:

“There is only one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy.”

💡 Why?
Camus presents a radical dilemma—if life has no inherent meaning, is continued existence a rational choice?

현대적 사회과학 문헌

1️⃣ Shoshana Zuboff – The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2019)

Dilemma: Digital convenience vs. personal privacy.
Key Passage:

“Surveillance capitalism unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioral data… the goal is to predict and modify human behavior at scale.”

💡 Why?
Zuboff presents a fundamental tension between technological innovation and personal autonomy—should we accept data-driven convenience at the cost of constant surveillance?

2️⃣ Kate Crawford – Atlas of AI (2021)

Dilemma: AI efficiency vs. systemic bias.
Key Passage:

“AI is neither artificial nor intelligent—it is embedded in material resources, human labor, infrastructures, and power structures.”

💡 Why?
Crawford challenges the assumption that AI is neutral and reveals how machine learning systems reinforce social inequalities rather than eliminate bias.

3️⃣ Naomi Klein – On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal (2019)

Dilemma: Economic growth vs. environmental sustainability.
Key Passage:

“The same logic that prioritizes infinite economic expansion is what brought us to this climate crisis, and yet politicians propose market solutions to solve it.”

💡 Why?
Klein exposes the paradox of green capitalism—can the same system that caused climate change also fix it?

4️⃣ Ruha Benjamin – Race After Technology (2019)

Dilemma: Innovation vs. social justice.
Key Passage:

“Rather than asking whether technology is racist, we should ask how racial hierarchies shape technological design, and who benefits from them.”

💡 Why?
Benjamin challenges the tech industry’s assumption that innovation is progressive, arguing that it often reinforces structural inequalities.

5️⃣ Evgeny Morozov – To Save Everything, Click Here (2013)

Dilemma: Digital governance vs. democratic accountability.
Key Passage:

“The idea that digital technology will naturally lead to more democracy ignores history, which shows that centralized systems of control often flourish under the guise of efficiency.”

💡 Why?
Morozov critiques “solutionism”—the belief that tech can fix social problems—questioning whether digital platforms enhance democracy or consolidate power.

6️⃣ Samuel Moyn – Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War (2021)

Dilemma: Ethical warfare vs. the normalization of conflict.
Key Passage:

“Making war more humane has made it more acceptable and perpetual, rather than bringing us closer to peace.”

💡 Why?
Moyn highlights a moral paradox—by reducing civilian casualties, have we made war more sustainable rather than less likely?

7️⃣ Anne Applebaum – Twilight of Democracy (2020)

Dilemma: Liberal democracy vs. rising authoritarianism.
Key Passage:

“Democratic backsliding does not happen overnight; it happens gradually, through small changes to institutions and public discourse.”

💡 Why?
Applebaum presents the tension between democracy and populism, showing how authoritarianism can rise within democratic systems.

8️⃣ Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony & Cass Sunstein – Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment (2021)

Dilemma: AI-driven decision-making vs. human intuition.
Key Passage:

“Wherever there is judgment, there is noise—and yet we vastly underestimate how much variability affects our decisions.”

💡 Why?
This passage highlights a growing debate: should we replace human decision-making with algorithmic systems to reduce bias, even if that means losing intuition?

9️⃣ Arjun Appadurai – Failure of Nostalgia (2020)

Dilemma: Globalization vs. cultural identity.
Key Passage:

“The rise of authoritarian nostalgia is not a failure of democracy, but rather a response to the instability of globalization.”

💡 Why?
Appadurai examines the “backlash” against globalization, questioning whether it erodes national identity or simply exposes deep-seated anxieties.

🔟 Zeynep Tufekci – Twitter and Tear Gas (2017)

Dilemma: Social media activism vs. long-term political change.
Key Passage:

“The speed of digital activism allows movements to emerge rapidly, but without the organizational depth needed to sustain real transformation.”

💡 Why?
Tufekci presents a core dilemma of modern activism—do viral movements create meaningful change, or do they fade quickly without institutional power?

사회과학 이론 일반

1️⃣ Max Weber – Politics as a Vocation (1919)

Dilemma: The ethical paradox of leadership – responsibility vs. moral integrity.
Key Passage:

“He who seeks the salvation of his soul, of his own and of others, should not seek it along the avenue of politics, for the quite different tasks of politics can only be solved by violence.”

💡 Why?
Weber introduces the “ethics of responsibility” vs. “ethics of conviction” dilemma: should politicians act based on moral principles or make pragmatic decisions that require compromise, including the use of force?

2️⃣ Karl Polanyi – The Great Transformation (1944)

Dilemma: Free markets vs. social protection.
Key Passage:

“To allow the market mechanism to be the sole director of the fate of human beings and their natural environment… would result in the demolition of society.”

💡 Why?
Polanyi argues that unregulated markets create instability, leading to state intervention. This presents a fundamental paradox: markets require government oversight to survive, but intervention contradicts the ideal of a free economy.

3️⃣ Robert Putnam – Bowling Alone (2000)

Dilemma: Individualism vs. community engagement.
Key Passage:

“Television and other electronic diversions have privatized our leisure time and altered the way we connect with one another, eroding the social capital that once held communities together.”

💡 Why?
Putnam highlights the trade-off between technological convenience and civic engagement—has modern life strengthened personal freedom at the cost of weakening democracy and collective action?

4️⃣ W.E.B. Du Bois – The Souls of Black Folk (1903)

Dilemma: Identity vs. societal expectations.
Key Passage:

“One ever feels his two-ness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings.”

💡 Why?
Du Bois articulates the “double consciousness” dilemma, where marginalized individuals must navigate their own self-identity while conforming to dominant societal norms.

5️⃣ Michel Foucault – The Birth of Biopolitics (1979)

Dilemma: State power vs. individual autonomy in modern governance.
Key Passage:

“Liberalism must produce freedom, but this very act entails the constant management of that freedom.”

💡 Why?
Foucault exposes the paradox that modern states promote freedom yet must regulate behavior to maintain order, raising the question of whether true autonomy is possible under neoliberal governance.

6️⃣ James C. Scott – Seeing Like a State (1998)

Dilemma: Centralized planning vs. local knowledge.
Key Passage:

“The most tragic episodes of state intervention have stemmed from the conviction that scientific expertise and bureaucratic planning can improve upon the lived experience of ordinary people.”

💡 Why?
Scott challenges the assumption that centralized power can effectively manage society, showing how well-intentioned reforms often fail due to the loss of local knowledge.

7️⃣ Frances Fox Piven & Richard Cloward – Poor People’s Movements (1977)

Dilemma: Institutional reform vs. disruptive protest.
Key Passage:

“Mass protests are not effective when they are well-behaved; it is disruption that forces elites to grant concessions.”

💡 Why?
This passage presents a dilemma for activists: should social movements work within the system or disrupt it to achieve change?

8️⃣ Amartya Sen – Development as Freedom (1999)

Dilemma: Economic growth vs. personal freedom.
Key Passage:

“Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation.”

💡 Why?
Sen argues that economic progress alone is not enough—it must be accompanied by social and political freedoms, raising the question of whether economic growth and individual rights always align.

9️⃣ Erving Goffman – The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956)

Dilemma: Authenticity vs. social performance.
Key Passage:

“In social interaction, we are all actors performing roles, adjusting our behavior depending on the audience before us.”

💡 Why?
Goffman suggests that our identities are performances, raising the dilemma of whether true authenticity is possible in a world where individuals constantly adapt to societal expectations.

🔟 Richard Thaler & Cass Sunstein – Nudge (2008)

Dilemma: Freedom of choice vs. behavioral influence.
Key Passage:

“People make predictable mistakes. The question is whether governments and institutions should help them make better decisions, or let them fail on their own.”

💡 Why?
Thaler and Sunstein present the “nudge” debate—should policymakers subtly guide people toward beneficial choices, or does this undermine personal responsibility?